When batteries are stored and when they are used, unwanted reactions occur inside the battery leading to degradation of performance. Many of these unwanted reactions, such as transition metal dissolution, lithium inventory loss, and solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) growth, can be slowed or passivated by surface coatings. The Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) process provides the best performing, most precise, reproducible, scalable, and cost-effective coating process to reduce unwanted reactions and enhance the performance of batteries. ALD can be applied to a wide variety of cathode and anode powders to produce benefits including longer cycle life, lower gas generation, slower impedance growth, and higher voltage utilization. Currently, multiple Fortune 500 companies are optimizing ALD coatings for their specific electrode powders and batteries with the use of high throughput ALD systems that can process 3,000 kg – 30,000 kg of powder per day (~10,000 tons per year per system) for <<$1/kg total coating costs (CAPEX + OPEX).

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