0:00:03 Okay. Good morning. And welcome everybody to our LD Basics seminar today. We want to thank you all 0:00:10 for joining are similar Taking the time out of your day to spend a little bit of time with us. As 0:00:15 today's living, our title is stated. This is a very basic overview of atomic layer deposition. So we 0:00:21 will be covering some technical details. But it really is meant to be an overview and an 0:00:26 introduction to our technology and how it's used. We're gonna be conducting Maurin Death technical 0:00:32 webinars in the future. So if you're interested in those and you haven't done so yet, please visit 0:00:36 our website at for geno dot com and subscribe to our newsletter. That way we can keep you in the 0:00:41 loop before all of the future. Webinars. So with that, we're going to go ahead and jump right into a 0:00:47 little bit about our company, As you can see for Tana was founded in 2013. We are a 30 employees, 0:00:55 strong company. We reside currently in a 1500 square meter facility in Lewisville, Colorado, which 0:01:01 if you're ever in the area, we highly suggest you come by and pass it is that we love to show you 0:01:05 around and you can see the technology actually working firsthand, and we're going to be having a 0:01:10 massive expansion here in 2020. So we're looking forward to showing our new facility as soon as 0:01:14 they're ready as well. As you can see, our mission is quite simple. It's to become the world leader 0:01:19 in innovative material solutions. So we're already on a great trajectory towards that mission, and 0:01:24 we hope that our partnerships with you will continue that trajectory for a little bit about some 0:01:30 recent news that you may have seen we recently secured on our continuing our series of investments. 0:01:36 We've secured about $18 million from phenomenal partners like Volkswagen, LG Technology Ventures, 0:01:42 Mitsui Kenzo Coup and FBI investments were very, very excited. It's a proof in the pudding that our 0:01:47 technology is not only relevant, also scalable to manufacturing a little bit about myself. My name 0:01:53 is Mike Talarico. I'm the marketing lead here, Fortune Nano and essentially my role is to help 0:01:58 educate our customers about the potentials of ale de and help them discover how l d come work for 0:02:04 their particular applications, as you can see, In my experience, I am not an alien expert. So that's 0:02:09 why I've invited Stacey and Daniel here to help us out. I have about 15 years of marketing 0:02:15 experience, along with 10 years mark international marketing management and 15 years of event 0:02:20 production planning. So I enjoy long walks on the beach. No, actually, I enjoy drawing, sculpting 0:02:25 and pretty much anything creative. And then also spending time with my lovely wife and my family. 0:02:30 We're gonna pass it off to Stacy, who is one of our in house resident led experts, to tell you a 0:02:34 little bit of herself. Thanks. So I'm Stacy Milton. I'm the applications engineer for business 0:02:40 development here. Fortune Anna. I worked with potential customers. Teoh determine the viability of 0:02:48 their technology for ailed de both technically and for the commercial markets that they're 0:02:53 interested in. I do that through using the lean launch process that I learned at I corps program. I 0:03:00 was the principal investigator of our pit he project using a LTE for Potala sis to make player gas 0:03:08 into more oil. I have over 10 years experience in a Leone powders. My PhD is in chemical engineering 0:03:14 from the University of Colorado, Boulder with a Weimer. My MBA is from the University of Colorado, 0:03:20 Denver. I enjoy recreational aviation, flying with my husband and our dog, and 0:03:30 I'm Stacey. My name is Daniel. Pigs on I. I am here to work with customers on people like yourself 0:03:38 to help develop proofs of concept or the way to commercial products, mostly under joint development 0:03:44 type relationships. I, like Stacy, have a PhD in atomic Layer deposition at about 10 years 0:03:51 experience in a L D or so molecular layer deposition in a little bit of atomic Larry etchings as 0:03:57 well, several inventions. I've been involved with several start up companies. I also have my PhD 0:04:04 from the University of Colorado Boulder in Colorado in the U. S. A. And that was with a professor 0:04:11 called Professor Steven. George and I enjoy gardening, cooking, traveling. I speak more languages, 0:04:17 and I really enjoyed playing the jazz trumpet. I look forward to talking to you. 0:04:24 Okay. Thank you, Daniel. So we're going to go over today's agenda briefly. We're going to have Stacy 0:04:31 start off talking about a lady specifically on powders. Turn telling you a little bit more about 0:04:35 that Led technology and how it works from there, she's going to go into a little bit about a lady at 0:04:40 scale. So how could be implemented on manufacturing level from there, Will invite annual backup to 0:04:46 talk to you about some example applications. And then, lastly, he will talk to you a little bit 0:04:50 about how you can work with for genetic. And at the very end, we will open this up to a question and 0:04:55 answer for I do want to note real briefly before we move forward in any of your having any technical 0:04:59 difficulties. We have had some reports of folks having the spinning wheel. Just refresh your browser 0:05:04 window, and that should clear that up. Sometimes this technology is a little long, but simple. 0:05:09 Refresh Your browser should allow that to refresh. I love this basic. 0:05:16 All right, so thank you. I thank you all for joining us today to talk about a lady in basic. So I'm 0:05:22 gonna talk to you about a Dion powders and then the scalability of that process and specifically 0:05:28 here for Geno. So starting out with the basics of ale de, uh, it is analogous to Brick Lane. You 0:05:37 like to use that analogy because it's very simple and easy. So looking at the dying around, we have 0:05:42 here of blue bricks with this nice little dip It we want to build up a structure or a wall, and we 0:05:48 want to bring in those green bricks. They have a nice little triable there that fits perfectly into 0:05:54 that. Did it. So you lay down one layer of bricks, and once you live down that layer, those green 0:05:59 bricks can't lay nicely to make a flat surface on those blue bricks. So take out the green bricks 0:06:06 and we introduce the blue bricks again, and that little did it fits perfectly onto those green 0:06:11 blocks. So once we've made that next layer of bricks, we've removed the blue bricks and go back and 0:06:19 forth between the green and the blue bricks, building up our structure So a lot d in chemistry look 0:06:28 similar to that, So it is a spontaneous, self limited gas days surface reaction as looking at 0:06:36 aluminum oxide deposition on the surface, there to half reactions similar to the bricklaying of the 0:06:43 green and the blue. You have try meth aluminum In the first half, reaction there reacts with 0:06:48 hydroxyl groups. On the surface, those hydroxy groups make nothing from the hydrogen on the height, 0:06:58 the surface group and then once all of those hydroxy groups have reacted, there's no longer any 0:07:03 space for track the tm a to react. So we personal reactor of the tm A and you're left with one 0:07:09 atomic layer of aluminum atoms with metal birds remaining on them in the second half of the reaction 0:07:15 of being in water to react with the metal groups that are remaining on the surface. And they 0:07:20 regenerate that hydra, the hydroxy group own surface, so that you can go back and then recycle again. 0:07:28 Someone's all of those methyl groups were gone. We purged the reactor and you start over building up 0:07:33 layer by layer controlled method to deposit aluminum oxide. This is one of the most simple reactions 0:07:40 to do. Most people know how this in familiar with they'll. Do you know how this reaction works? So 0:07:47 the timeline of Ale de started out with flats on so that the first commercial applications were for 0:07:55 thin film electroluminescent displays. That development was around the world, both in Vineland and 0:08:03 then some companies here in the US The technology was commercialized in the nineties with help from 0:08:09 DARPA and D o. D. But L. D was really used in the semiconductor industry to make microelectronics 0:08:16 scaled down. So in the nineties, that started and that industry took off in the two thousands, and 0:08:21 it's projected to hit $2.3 billion in 2023. That's really because the ability for a lady to enable 0:08:29 three D structures to further down size those microelectronics as we start to happen everywhere, not 0:08:38 just in your cell phone, but the Internet of things is coming. So um, area select avail. D will be 0:08:44 something really important for that on not a topic for today, but very interesting. 0:08:51 So there are lots of types of surface coatings that you can use. A lady is one of that that is most 0:08:58 controlled method of surface coatings, so let would face techniques are really great for thicker 0:09:05 films. So one option of liquid phase deposition would be incipient wetness that could be used for 0:09:10 analysis, which is my background. They could also use physical vapor, deposition or sputtering to 0:09:18 deposit different materials so you can get very good rates of deposition A material by sputtering so 0:09:24 you can get thick films very quickly, and that process is used in microelectronics industry. See 0:09:32 needy or chemical vapour. Deposition is analogous to atomic later deposition. It's a gas days 0:09:38 reaction, but it happens above the surface of that you're depositing onto, and it is line of sight 0:09:44 dependent, whereas ale de is not mine. Aside dependent, this plasma enhanced CBD a little bit better 0:09:52 than C V D. On its own, you can get a little bit hard dance or film and a little more control over 0:09:57 the film that you're coding but is still line of sight dependent. So what I mean by line of sight 0:10:02 dependent is a lady is able to deposit the same coating with intercourse material on the inner 0:10:09 surface as it does on the outer surface, so it doesn't have to see the surface that it's depositing 0:10:15 onto Ale de and MLT or molecular layer. Deposition are great for coatings that are hundreds of 0:10:23 nanometers or less, and that's really due to the time that it takes to deposit because you're 0:10:29 cycling back and forth between those half reactions. 0:10:34 So why don't we care about particle ale de while the surface of particles is where you get your 0:10:42 interaction with the environment that is around eso. If you want to make advanced materials and make 0:10:48 their behaviors change in the environment that you want to put them into, you need to change their 0:10:53 surface. Uh, so we can affect those materials by passive ating defects, making a barrier for 0:10:59 moisture oxygen resistance, which is really great for extreme environments, making them corrosion 0:11:07 resistant for putting them into solutions. Putting service factionalization onto the material that 0:11:14 chemical functionality, changing its optical properties or even changing its porosity at the 0:11:20 nanometer scale. So, really, we're doing surface engineering to make high performance for vets 0:11:26 products. 0:11:29 So we have to get asked what's possible with a lady? Well, pretty much the entire periodic table. 0:11:36 This chart here It comes from atomic limits dot com, and it is a wonderful resource to use to make 0:11:42 sure what you're thinking about is even possible. It's an open source resource. You go in and enter. 0:11:50 The researcher goes in and enters what they what they've been working on with the reference for 0:11:56 literature. It enters what the material is, what the precursors were, and then your reference as 0:12:03 what your conditions were, what you were depositing on. So a lady is possible for medals oxides and 0:12:10 I tried sulfides, Cellini ins, Telluride's apostates, organic materials, hybrids of all of those 0:12:18 really anything that you can think of just about eso that periodic table. The colors are very 0:12:24 important. If you look at platinum or palladium, that great box means that the metallic material has 0:12:31 been deposited. Those also have a blue box, which means the oxide has been deposited. The elements 0:12:37 with a green box means that nitride has been deposited, and if you have any further questions about 0:12:43 that, we can go for it later. So at fortune, you know we have not covered the entire periodic table 0:12:50 on. They're not all commercialized ble, but we have done a significant amount of work here in house 0:12:57 with our customers and for our internal research. Arliss translates down to metals oxides, and I 0:13:04 tried spot states, organic coatings, multi layers, lithium containing materials, which is important 0:13:12 for battery materials. We've deposited onto many different types of substrates, including all held 0:13:19 our classes powders, which is basically how material flows, including Anna materials and objects of 0:13:28 the chart porous and not for us. 0:13:33 S. O. L. D can deposit on to pretty much any material, and it will deposit informal and uniform 0:13:40 throughout the material, whether or not it is horse or non porous, spiritual, non spherical that if 0:13:48 it is trenched and has features all over able deposit on anywhere that there's a functional site to 0:13:54 react with on the next slide, we have examples of real materials that have failed e materials 0:14:03 deposited, so the image on the far left is a non, not poorest sphere, with five animator coating on 0:14:11 it. The middle image has two different materials. That's a multi layer deposited inside a trench. So 0:14:17 that's three differences in color illustration that coating that you're seeing or the two different 0:14:22 materials on the far right is platinum deposited onto oxide, which has differences in surface energy 0:14:30 toe that formation of nanoparticles is expected, 0:14:37 So the different coding types of this slide is to just show you the difference between a lady and a 0:14:42 liquid deposition technique. So the colored images on the top on the left have Syria deposited on 0:14:51 silicon dioxide or zirconia deposit on silicon dioxide by lt So the soldier method has non conform 0:15:01 all non uniformed deposition of Syria onto this this silicon dioxide, Where am L. D? You have a 0:15:07 uniform conform all deposition of that coating everywhere on particle on the right hand side, we're 0:15:13 just showing you a single particle with that coding all the way around and showing that coating is 0:15:19 uniforms the same all the way around. 0:15:23 So the timeline for particle ale de is about 15 years behind way frailty, which is really great for 0:15:30 anybody wanting to commercialize, because that's where we're at right now. And that's why to 0:15:35 convince you today and talk with you about or later so fluid eyes beds were introduced for particle 0:15:42 ale de in the nineties and they were brought up again in the two thousands at University of Colorado, 0:15:48 Boulder, and to research groups both Steve George and Al Weimer, which Daniel and I are both 0:15:53 graduates of each of those groups. Forge Nano took the acquired the I P from the university for a 0:15:59 semi continuous process in 2011 to look at the scale of an economic viability of part of Les lt. 0:16:10 So that was based on a fluid eyes bed, which we call temporal ale to your time based system, where 0:16:17 particles are kept within the reactor and the precursors are floating one at a time passed the 0:16:22 particles. There is filtration on this system to make sure that the particles stay within that 0:16:27 housing. And that's really important that when you're doing particle A l. D. You want to be using a 0:16:33 system that is meant for particles. If you're using a wafer tool, you can have particle loot 0:16:39 creation, or those small particles actually leave the reactor and your particle size distribution 0:16:45 changes from when you start to any end. Another issue can be that you if you have a boat of 0:16:51 particles in a way for tool, you may not actually get fusion of your precursor all the way through 0:16:57 that bit of particles, and you're not getting singing, holding on the top level of particles as you 0:17:02 do on the bottom. In a particle specific tool, you will get uniform coating on every particle within 0:17:09 that, so these reactors air very versatile For many different chemistries, however, they don't scale 0:17:15 for commercial production very well. 0:17:19 So Mike is going to switch to a video that shows you so lewd ization. So you know, we're talking 0:17:24 about not describe those two videos that you'll see. So there is a black, uh, powder being fluid 0:17:34 ized in the first video and then a white powder in second. So you see that powder mixing and moving. 0:17:42 And that is as the precursor is flowing up from the bottom through the bed and reacting all the 0:17:49 surface of those particles. 0:17:52 So when we switch over to our spatial system, we flipped that process on its head. So rather than 0:17:59 flow precursors through the reactor reactor, a batch of powder we flowed powder through the units 0:18:06 that have that precursor exposure. So this is less versatile once you change over, but you get too 0:18:13 much higher production rates and efficiencies and yield of your products. So this is where that 0:18:17 scalability of particle ale de can actually happen, 0:18:24 s We're gonna switch to another little video so you can see what we mean a little bit more on this. 0:18:29 The image on the left shows one single batch of powder moving through different. Zell's precursor 0:18:38 results said the red would be your a pre crease precursor and the blue would be your beak. Precursor 0:18:45 on the right shows what this looks like. A semi continuous process where one batch is continuously 0:18:52 followed by another batch. So within a given time segment, you always have production of a batch of 0:18:59 coded powder. So I hope that were convincing you so far that a LTE is a scalable process for powders 0:19:06 as far as cost. I have a little bit here, but we will talk more about that at the end. Eso during 0:19:13 our scale up process. Over the last 10 years, we've built prototypes and now to our commercial scale 0:19:21 system that's in our facility here in Colorado that you're welcome to come see. So we've scaled up 0:19:27 our process by 300 times from 72 kg per day up to the design half for 25 tons per day production. 0:19:35 Our current production has a 2.5 tons per day capacity and that the economics or cost of the 0:19:44 production of that coating costs per kilogram of powder that you're coating so that is the cost of 0:19:50 the coating itself onto the powder from the $1000 per kilogram down to less than a dollar per 0:19:58 kilograms. That's 1000 times reduction in the cost of production, with 300 times scale up in the 0:20:03 production capacity. So the way we move through that production, the roadmap for innovation of 0:20:12 advanced materials here in house with customers is to start out of the lab scale and some in system 0:20:20 similar to our Prometheus systems which are offer product for customers. If they want to do this 0:20:29 type of work on their own and generate their own, my peak that starts out at the MILLIGRAMS 0:20:33 kilograms scale once we've developed the material there, you know, works in their process well and 0:20:39 do the economic assessment. We move on to pilot scale testing. It tends to hundreds of kilograms 0:20:45 production per day. I'm sure that that product again works the same as it did from the lab and then 0:20:51 move on to commercial scale production with our Morpheus system, with the goal of selling that 0:20:57 commercial equipment to the end user, and that scales at hundreds of kilograms two tons of 0:21:04 production per day. 0:21:08 So again, the roadmap for particle ale de that's been in the research phase for a long time. But we 0:21:13 get fortunate have been working out scale up this process. And we're now with designs for 10,000 0:21:20 tons per year production. So this is a scalable process, an opportunity for everyone working in 0:21:27 these different research areas. We encourage you out. Look at the actual development because there 0:21:33 is a partner out there for you. Now, Daniel is gonna talk about the applications and how you work 0:21:39 with us. A fortune. Thank you, Stacey, for those of you still with us, thank you so much for joining 0:21:45 this webinar for a lady on the powders. If anyone is having issues with the video, please reload or 0:21:51 refresh your browser page. We've changed the Internet connection on our side of we've heard that 0:21:56 that has improved things. So if you have any questions, please just send us a message in the checked. 0:22:02 So I'm going to talk to you about a few specific example applications on how you can work with us if 0:22:07 you are so inclined. 0:22:10 So in terms of application space for ailed deal onto powders, any industry that uses powders could 0:22:17 benefit potentially from atomic layer depositions or surface modification off the chemistry on those 0:22:24 powders, we've worked in many, many different applications. But we focused currently on those top 0:22:29 five areas, which include energy storage so materials such as lithium ion battery, Catholic powders 0:22:36 or animal powders. We also work in Ca Tallis for Chemical Patel assistant. Also fuel cell. Potala, 0:22:44 SIS. We do some work in thermal fillers for thermal management within electronic components, and 0:22:50 then you do quite a lot of work in three D printing and other powder forming areas. What a. Some 0:22:55 work with absorbent and membranes. So today I'm going to just briefly cover a little bit more 0:23:01 information on the battery catalyst on three D printing. 0:23:08 So a lot to you. For batteries, this is an image. You see the reference here at the bottom if you'd 0:23:12 like to go and get that image for yourself. This image shows a lot of processes that can happen 0:23:18 during degradation off battery materials in a lithium ion battery with a liquid electrolyte. If you 0:23:25 can see it's a very complicated system, but there's two reasons we share this image. One is to show 0:23:31 that there's lots of different mechanisms of degradation. There's a metal leaching from one material 0:23:36 to another. That deposition of S E I formation, there's electrolyte degradation that is, changes in 0:23:43 crystal graphic structure and so on and so forth. But most of these prophecies can be affected by a 0:23:48 surface modification or service coding. So we modify the powder of the cathode on the road before 0:23:55 they get made into a binder and put onto intellect. We've caught it on to lots of different cathode 0:24:02 on our materials, ranging from L C O r N, C or N C and materials to silicon oxide or silicon carbon 0:24:10 composites on more commonly natural synthetic graphite on the outside. And when we do a nail 0:24:16 decoding on these cattle or animal powders, we see a stabilization of these materials. And so, by 0:24:23 doing this service modification and stabilizing the materials, you as a battery company or materials 0:24:28 company can take advantage of that at its stability in many ways. For example, you can run your 0:24:34 battery same conditions you normally would and get an increased cycle, life or increased calendar, 0:24:40 life or alternative. Tentatively, you can increase the voltage of the battery to get more energy out 0:24:47 for a given cycle. Life. We've been working in this space for many many years of moment on, we've 0:24:52 tried lots of different ale de coatings, so the Mawr common Ale de coatings are metal oxides like 0:24:59 aluminum oxide or detainee of Dark side. Some of the more advanced chemistries we're currently 0:25:04 working on include lithium ion conducting colleagues such as lithium, aluminum oxide or lithium 0:25:11 Naevia marks. 0:25:14 Here's a little bit of smoking gun data. Of course, we have a lot more than this that we can share 0:25:20 with you under non disclosure agreement. So on the left here, what we have is a lady coated and 0:25:26 uncoated cathode powder called NMC 811 On the blue line, we cycled the darker blue line, which is 0:25:35 the oil decoded material against the lighter blue line, which is uncoated, and you can see the 0:25:40 benefit in retained capacity over cycle time. With the old decoding that might not look like a big 0:25:47 difference. But when you're talking about applying this technology to electric vehicles, for example, 0:25:53 when you many thousands of cycles you can increase the battery life by years. With this ale decoding. 0:25:59 You can also see, for example, in the Green Line that when you stress these matters through a much 0:26:04 higher voltage. You do see a much bigger difference between the al decoded material on the uncoated 0:26:10 material. On the right side is similar data for sale decoding of just the graphite powder. So in 0:26:18 this case, the darker lower line is the uncoated graphite powder cycle against an uncoated capital 0:26:25 powder. On the top line, with a higher capacity retention over cycle number is an ale decoded 0:26:31 graphite powder cycle against the uncoated cap. 0:26:38 A lady for three D printing. There's lots of areas the L D commodified powders on one of those is 0:26:43 for metal powders or ceramic powders. For three D printing, the first main area, the lt can help is 0:26:50 flow ability, or how powder moves or flows to the you end up with something that looks like a very 0:26:55 nice European castle versus kids attempt at a bucket castle falling apart That show 0:27:03 the second area in three D printing is oxygen and moisture barriers, so everybody can enhance the 0:27:10 resistance to water or oxygen of that metal powder, which could help with transportation safety, can 0:27:17 help with shelf life. It could increase the number of times you could reuse a powder in a given 0:27:22 three D printing system, and also you could enable smaller outlets for final features. So here's an 0:27:30 example off what can happen with a nail decoding to prevent oxidation on the left. Here we have a 0:27:35 bear titanium powder, which has not been heated. Second to the left, we have that same powder 0:27:43 oxidizes in air at 450 Celsius for 20 hours. You can see that the second from the left picture is 0:27:50 the oxidized titanium, which is a doctor color. The third picture is also dark. This is a very, very 0:27:57 thin ale decoding, showing that we have to thin to prevent oxidation. With those conditions, the 0:28:03 three samples on the right, we'll show successful prevention of oxidation in there with thicker ale. 0:28:09 Decoding 0:28:12 the third area for three D printing is serviced opens or adding specific elements to materials, and 0:28:17 this can create stronger parts. You can create custom Malloy's You can change your spec to respect 0:28:24 of material if you're sourcing one power from multiple vendors and you need to end up with the same 0:28:28 spec for your process, and you can also affect certain processes within the three D printing 0:28:34 machines such as the Melco. 0:28:37 So here's an example of fact on the left. Here is a pure aluminum 70 75 powder that is being 0:28:43 manufactured with three D printing in tow apart, and you can see very large crystal domains when you 0:28:50 add zirconium. I don't mean to this material. You can see the crystal amazing much more on those 0:28:56 smaller crystal remains. Directly Coralie. Too much higher yield strength, elastic modules and other 0:29:03 mechanical properties. I'm actually with three D printing. There's many other areas you can affect 0:29:10 powers for enhanced parts. 0:29:15 The third example. Area I wanted to touch on his ale de Forca Tallis. So the ale difficult Telesis. 0:29:22 We consider that to be three main approaches for benefiting various catalytic materials. The first 0:29:29 approach is an eight out of the undercoat. This is where you take a substrate or their material in 0:29:36 gray. You added ailed de coding shown here in light blue, and then you have your active material on 0:29:43 top shown here in dark blue that active material could be deposited by a wet technique or via 0:29:49 standard catalytic deposition technique. But the oil decoding here in light blue would be with our 0:29:54 process and this can help durability and some activity. Secondly, you can actually use atomic lay 0:30:02 deposition to deposit small amounts off the active material. For example, a platinum or palladium or 0:30:08 atheneum type active catalytic metal. And this could help with selectivity, benefits or activity 0:30:15 benefits potentially with lower cost to get the same catalytic performance with lower loadings of 0:30:21 those expensive catalytic. 0:30:25 The third area for analysis is an ale de overcoat, so this is the most attractive for short term 0:30:31 commercialization for us, because you can take a standard catalytic material that already exists. 0:30:37 You can add an ale decoding to the top of it, and you can enhance your durability, which is 0:30:42 effectively, often lower in your centering of platinum, which helps maintain your activity. You can 0:30:48 have higher activity over time because of this, and in some cases, depending on the overcoat healthy 0:30:54 chemistry you use, you can actually modify and enhance the specific selectivity towards certain 0:31:00 catalytic chemical reactions. So this last point I'm here some images. I don't have too much time, 0:31:07 so I'm just gonna focus on the right side here on the top three images on the right, we have 0:31:13 platinum onto a surface with out a nail decoding on it. As you heat that platinum, you can see the 0:31:22 platinum. McGlone berates and creates a few, much larger nanoparticles than you started. This is a 0:31:30 collaboration, Carl, a star ready to worth catalytic performance over time. So that was the top 0:31:36 three right images. The bottom three bright images are that same starting material. So a platinum 0:31:43 coding that's our economy coating onto a surface, but this time with an ale de overcoat, and you can 0:31:49 see here under the same heating conditions. The ale decoding protects that platinum stops it moving 0:31:55 and keep your activity high over the life of your material. This could be useful for fuel cells or 0:32:02 for other catalytic materials, 0:32:06 So that was several examples of what ailed you couldn't do. Obviously, there are a lot more than 0:32:11 that. So the next question we often get from people is okay for my specific problem happened, How 0:32:16 can I work with you? So, first of all, we offer research services, So the way this works is we would 0:32:23 consult with you typically under a non disclosure agreement toe, understand your materials challenge. 0:32:28 We will then understand your materials and suggested research plan to provide you with some proofs 0:32:34 of concept for modifying that powder. We do some analytical here in house. We outsource some 0:32:40 analytical. And then, of course, it would likely yourself or customer that does the application 0:32:46 specific testing for that research step for research. We know that we can't solve all of the world's 0:32:52 problems with a OD coatings onto powders. So we actually sell R and D tools for a lady on the 0:32:58 powders on the L. D objects. So Athena is the name of our three D and four subjects ale de coding 0:33:04 system that we have that we sell across the world on Prometheus is our ale de on the power system. 0:33:13 For me, it can happen anywhere from a few grands up to about a kilogram off powders. And so, if 0:33:19 you're interested in these systems, I think will be providing links after the webinar to the two 0:33:23 page brochure for each of these systems. And, of course, you are welcome to ask us on any questions 0:33:28 you have there for the third main section on this slide, wanted briefly to about commercialization. 0:33:36 Our main focus is a company is to help you get as quickly as possible to products and help you 0:33:41 develop this products, typically in a joint development agreement, and then provide you with 0:33:46 commercial scale equipment such that you can produce those products escape. In some cases, we can 0:33:53 provide commercial told coding in in cases where it would prefer us to be the manufacturing with the 0:33:59 surface modification of those powers of yours. 0:34:05 So here's a little bit of information on the Prometheus system. This is the alien powder system. 0:34:09 It's designed specifically by a team of engineers with over 10 years of refining and iterating on 0:34:14 the design to make it extremely easy to use. Extremely versatile for different chemistries and 0:34:20 different powders and also customizable so you can purchase a base level system with us, and then 0:34:26 over time you can upgrade that system toe, have features, benefits or change. The size of the 0:34:31 reactive system is 0:34:34 the Athena system is very good for a lady. Coatings on objects and three D poorest objects on this 0:34:41 again has been designed for the flexibility in mind. This is a lower price point system for research 0:34:47 and development on uses our expertise in certain delivery of precursors to specifically target those 0:34:55 high service area objects or system. I will say that our power systems the permit. This system is 0:35:03 specifically designed for powders. There are a lot of a lady systems out there in the world that 0:35:08 were originally designed for wafer is a retrofitted or added to be used for powders, and we consider 0:35:13 our design based on a design on the power systems to be that of the negligence. 0:35:20 So we would like to open the checks for Q and A at this time, feel free to submit some questions. 0:35:28 Right now, I have prepared a few slides to talk to some questions that get commonly asked, So we'll 0:35:35 give you a few minutes to type those questions in. I will go through a few more slides, and then we 0:35:40 can address those questions as as we see fit. So first of all, the main question we get asked about 0:35:48 a lady on Powers is cost. It is very complicated question because there are many things that go into 0:35:54 calculating the ale, decoding costs on powers so we define or calculate model the oil decoding costs 0:36:02 as the total cost off coating per kilogram of rural powder and that would include cap ex 0:36:09 depreciation on all Texas Well, so for a lady coatings on the powders, there is two main cost 0:36:17 contributors to the picture. The first is the LG chemical cost itself, and that cost is affected by 0:36:25 the service area of the powder, which would dictate how much chemical use. It would also be affected 0:36:31 by the coating chemistry you choose, which defines the price point that the chemical and then it's 0:36:37 also affected by the thickness of the area coating that you choose to do with that we find optimum. 0:36:42 So part of our R and D efforts or joint development efforts with you would be optimized specifically 0:36:47 on the thickness and also try and target the correct coding chemistry for your specific service area 0:36:53 powder. The second main area that is affected by trust is a capital appreciation of the equipment. 0:36:59 So in some cases, if we're setting you equipment, then of course the size of the equipment will 0:37:04 determine the price point. And then the throughput of the equipment would determine how that 0:37:10 Catholics gets spread across the production off your powder in terms of kilograms. Sometimes we find 0:37:17 it beneficial to be the toll coding partner for you, so that that capital depression asset aspect is 0:37:24 kind of wrapped into a tow coding price where we would just provide a service for you on the right 0:37:30 hand side here is part of the most important graphs that I like to share with people. It's a graph 0:37:35 off service area versus particle size for below half micron in particle damage, him specifically for 0:37:43 acidic and Dr Particle. What this shows is that when you get below 190 m over No. 59 m in particle 0:37:50 diameter, you get ridiculously sharp increase in service, Eric, and that that record correlates to 0:37:56 your LG chemical costs your process in time on the throughput of the equipment. So we prefer to work 0:38:03 on powers that are larger than 59 m. But we absolutely can work on nana powers if the value of the 0:38:10 powder is high enough to justify a few more cost considerations. So I mentioned the higher cost L D 0:38:18 includes thicker and the coatings. Higher chemistry costs higher service areas on lower production 0:38:25 through but on the lower cost side. If you have a very thin. A only coding are lower cost chemistry, 0:38:32 so a chemical that has already scaled up for another industry a lower service area powder on the 0:38:38 high production throughput you could get extremely cost effective. Cody's. It's on the bottom here. 0:38:44 Just three use cases, three kind of example. Potential hypothetical examples on the left is a hard 0:38:51 cost example. So you see, we have a sicker ale decoding higher cost chemistry Hire service area. 0:38:56 Lower throughput of powder per year. A fairly low Catholics because it's a very small system and 0:39:03 that would have come out to be on the order of $1000 per kilogram scale for coding. Alien powers. 0:39:09 Now we understand a lot of powder materials are just not valuable enough to allow for $1000 a 0:39:15 kilogram. But there are some niche applications where that type of a coding would be cost effective. 0:39:21 On the far right is the other end of the spectrum, with a thinner ale decoding a lower cost, a lot 0:39:26 decoding in this case, aluminum oxide, a low service area I threw, but and then a regular Catholics. 0:39:34 Appreciation spread over a lot of throughput, and so, with example, like this on the far right 0:39:39 coating costs get down to or below about a dollar per kilogram and in some cases significant looks 0:39:45 significantly below the doctor kilogram. So anyway, we prefer to focus on the lower cost or the 0:39:52 medium cost a lot decoding solutions. But really, what matters is the cost of the idea of scale 0:39:59 compared with the value that they Andy brings to your material or the cost of the price that you can 0:40:05 sell that decoded powder for. So with that, I would like to hand it over to some questions. So we're 0:40:12 just gonna take a quick second hater of you some questions and will be right back after 32nd book. 0:40:19 Okay, it does look like a couple of questions are slowly coming through. Go ahead and continue to 0:40:23 submit questions if you have them, everybody. But it looks like one of the first questions was, How 0:40:29 do you work with international customers? That's a great question. We've been around working with 0:40:35 international comes customers. Since about 2013 on, we have customers to whom we have sold equipment 0:40:42 on and our racer services in China, in Japan, in Korea, in Europe, including Germany, France and the 0:40:49 UK and of course, the U. S. There are too many considerations that are difficult to bear in mind 0:40:58 when working with international companies. But some of those include shipping of powders in and out 0:41:04 of countries. So we work with a shipping company to avoid any logistical problems there. We also 0:41:11 have a translation company if translation is needed for translating documents, for example, into 0:41:16 Chinese, Korean or Japanese on and we regularly go through the's types of processes for the 0:41:23 international customers. So yeah, in general number problems work with international customers. We 0:41:29 do that on a daily basis. Okay. Along the same line somebody's asking. Is Prometheus ready for 0:41:36 install in Europe with all the code regulations? Great question. Yes. So upper meet this system, 0:41:42 which is our LD on power system is ready for installation into Europe. We have the ability for 0:41:49 certain geographical regions to add certifications to the equipment. So for Europe, the CE 0:41:55 certification will be the most relevant. We also have our Tektronix and other piece of our equipment 0:42:01 you l certified as well. If there are any additional certifications that you require in some cases 0:42:08 for example, with government work or military related work. We're happy to explores on a case by 0:42:13 case basis. But yes, the system is is definitely ready for installation in Asia and Europe. Okay, 0:42:20 great. Looks like another one from a customer asking, How do you quote uniformly with non uniformed 0:42:28 cathodes with particle sizes? One. Micro Beecher to 500? That's a great question. So the question 0:42:36 relates to ale decoding on powders where the powder particle size distribution is very white. So you 0:42:43 may have a powder that maybe by mobile, for example, where you have a clump of or a certain portion 0:42:50 of the powder at small particle size and a certain portion of the large, larger part in size. So the 0:42:56 way that a how the process works is itself limiting her exposure off your guests so you'd expose 0:43:04 chemical A and then purge it and then exposed chemical being purge it after on that self limited 0:43:09 nature means that you will get the same thickness of hail decoding on every particle, provided that 0:43:17 your process conditions are correct for that powder. And that's what we've become experts at over 0:43:21 the last 10 years is how you fluid eyes or how you move those powers. Have you correctly exposed the 0:43:27 right amount of gas to those powders? So the short answer is it's no difficult for us to uniformly 0:43:33 coat the same sickness on each particle size, even if they're mixed particle sizes in one batch. But 0:43:40 of course, the ppm or the parts per million of the L decoding will depend on that particle size. So 0:43:47 we couldn't control thickness and therefore we can also target ppm. We know the service area of the 0:43:52 powder. OK, we've got another question, which is How do you coat with safety while handling some of 0:43:59 the very aggressive precursors on a large scale? That's a real question on the good news for us. Is 0:44:07 that a lot of the aggressive or quote unquote dangerous chemicals that we plan Teoh implemented use 0:44:15 are already being used currently safely every day by companies in the 17 doctor industries such as 0:44:22 Intel, Micron, Tokyo Electron and other companies. So we have connected with a supply chain of 0:44:30 partners who provide safe equipment for dozing off those PIRA foreign chemicals at scale. What was a 0:44:38 very conscious on the research side not to try chemistries that we know would be cost prohibitive or 0:44:46 too dangerous to implement. And some of those examples may include coatings at scale that have 0:44:52 health classifications on the U. S. Fire code left four, for example. But the short answer is, 0:44:57 solutions already exist for most of those chemicals, and we're careful what we choose. So, James 0:45:03 asked, How do you prevent cross contamination between samples if we submit samples for free based, 0:45:10 fee based services? So for the fi based research services we do to those in our research scale fluid, 0:45:17 I've bed or other systems. So the way we avoid a cross contamination is between every material, even 0:45:26 often for the same customer. We will disconnect the vein coding body of our system from the system 0:45:32 on. We will clean it so we avoid contamination by cleaning between each step for certain told coding 0:45:39 at commercial scale. We can work with you to have a custom dedicated reactor body, which means only 0:45:49 your powders and your coatings go into that reactor body when we use a system and then, of course, 0:45:53 for commercial state systems that we could tell you that system would be up to you to use, but it 0:45:58 will be designed for a specific process. We also do a lot of analytical here. So we use I c p r e s 0:46:05 I c p for elemental analysis so we can check how good are competing procedures are on. They are 0:46:11 pretty good. Okay, It looks like we're getting low on time here. We've got just a couple more 0:46:17 questions. You guys can feel free to continue to submit questions if you do have them and we will be 0:46:22 happy to answer them offline. Thank you all for the participation. Today it looks like one of the 0:46:27 other questions was, Is there any potential risk when operating a assume operating the machines were 0:46:34 performing. Experiment's. There is risk operating any equipment in an industrial setting. We provide 0:46:42 you on the research scale with the system that is designed for a specific set of chemistries. With 0:46:48 Emanuel on, we highlight what those risks are and train you how to mitigate them as best as possible. 0:46:54 If you choose to do chemistry usual processes outside of our recommended guidelines, then that risk 0:47:02 typically falls on you. But we are very happy to consult with you explain or answer any questions 0:47:07 around safety. Our number one priority is the safety off you, your employees on the system. But 0:47:14 we've safely been doing hail de coatings at small and large scales for many years. I think that 0:47:22 concludes all the questions that we've had for today. Again, if anybody does have additional 0:47:27 questions, were happy to answer those offline. Both Stacy and Daniel are the experts and can answer 0:47:33 your questions as well as you can see on our slide here, or contacts for John and MCAS. Well, so 0:47:39 we've got a robust team support staff to help help you get started on any project. Our goal is to be 0:47:45 the atomic layer deposition experts in the world, and we would love to answer your questions. If you 0:47:52 haven't, that's it for today. Everyone again, you'll get a follow up email here shortly with 0:47:58 pertinent links to some of the content that we've gone over today to the presentation. A swell 0:48:03 assembling star website and use school Resource is in regards to healthy and contact information for 0:48:09 all of the folks who we have spoken to today. Thanks again for joining, and we hope you have a great 0:48:14 day
